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The wide range of shapes that the shotgun can take leads to significant differences between what is technically a shotgun and what is legally considered a shotgun. A fairly broad attempt to define a shotgun is made in the United States Code (18 USC 921), which defines a shotgun as «a weapon designed or redesigned, manufactured or redone and designed to be pulled from the shoulder, and designed or redesigned and manufactured or redone to harness the energy of the explosive in a solid shotgun grenade, fire through a smooth bore either a series of bullet shots or a single projectile for each individual press on the trigger. It is even broader in English law: «a smooth-bore pistol is not an air pistol» (see 1(3)(a) Firearms Act 1968). Transport rifles are similar to sawed-off shotguns, except that they are made with an 46 cm (18-inch) barrel and are legal in some jurisdictions for civil property. Wagon rifles are also more commonly associated with american or Australian colonial times, and are often used for hunting in the bush, brush or swamps, where a longer barrel would be heavy or impractical. Believe it or not, it is perfectly legal under federal law for most individuals to manufacture certain NFA firearms for their own use at home. However, before creating an SBS or AOW at home, a federal tax of $200 must be paid and ATF approval must be obtained. In addition, local laws vary widely and must be followed. A more recent innovation is the re-drilling of drums, in which the drums are drilled slightly larger than their actual track gauge. This reduces the compressive forces on the shot as it moves from the chamber to the barrel.

This results in a slight reduction in perceived recoil and an improvement in the firing pattern due to the reduction in the deformation of the shot. Buckshot is similar but larger than Birdshot and was originally developed for hunting big game such as deer (hence its name). Although the advent of new, more accurate snail technologies makes Buckshot less attractive for hunting, it remains the most common choice for police, military, and home defense applications. Like Birdshot, Buckshot is described by the size of the pellets, with larger numbers indicating a smaller shot. From the smallest to the largest, the buckshot sizes are: #4, (called «number four»), #1, 0 («un-aught»), 00 («double-aught»), 000 («triple-aught») and 0000 («four-aught»). A typical bullet for defensive use would be a 2 3⁄4 inch (7.0 cm) long 12-gauge 00 Buck grenade containing 9 pellets with a diameter of approximately 8.4 mm (0.33 inches), each comparable to a special 0.38 bullet in damage potential. The new «tactical» projectiles, specifically designed for defensive use, use slightly less fire at a lower speed to reduce recoil and increase the controllability of the shotgun. There are shotgun bullets specially designed for police use that fire effectively from 50 yards (46 m) with a group of bullets 20 inches in diameter. Different measuring instruments have different typical applications. Twelve-track shotguns are common for hunting geese, large ducks, or other larger wild birds; professional skeet and trap shooting; military applications; and home defense applications. Sixteen-caliber shotguns were once common for hunters who wanted to use a single shotgun for wild birds, which were usually chased with twelve- or twenty-caliber shotguns, but have become rarer in recent years.

Twenty-gauge shotguns are often used for wild birds such as pigeons, small ducks and quails. Twenty-eight-caliber shotguns are not common, but conventional quail shotguns.410 shotguns are typically used for squirrel hunting or for athletes looking to kill game with a smaller payload. During World War II, the shotgun was not heavily used by official forces during the war in Europe. However, the shotgun was a favorite weapon of Allied-backed partisans, such as the French Resistance. In contrast, in the Pacific theater, dense jungle and heavily fortified positions have made the shotgun a favorite weapon of U.S. Marines. Marines tended to use shotguns because the action of the pump was less likely in the wet and dirty conditions of the Pacific Campaign. Similarly, the U.S.

Navy used shotguns to protect ships when they were in port in Chinese ports (e.g., Shanghai). The U.S. Army Air Force also used shotguns to protect bombers and other aircraft from saboteurs when they were parked at air bases in the Pacific and the U.S. West Coast. Shotguns and semi-automatic rifles were used in shooting training, especially for bomber shooters. The most common shotguns used for these tasks were the Winchester Model 97 12 gauge and the Model 12. The single-barrel shotgun was used by the British Home Guard and the security forces of the American house. In particular, industrial centers (such as the Gopher State Steel Plant) were guarded by National Guard soldiers with Winchester Model 37 12-gauge shotguns. It can be difficult to make your own PGF at home – especially if you intend to have a PGF with a barrel length of less than 18 inches. For a PGF with a barrel less than 18 inches to be legal, it must have been assembled from a receiver to which a strain has never been attached, and it must always be longer than 26 inches in total length. If ever the gun receiver was assembled with a rear shaft, then at some point it was a shotgun and the short barrel would create an SBS, even if the total length was more than 26 inches. Instead, it`s best to buy one of Mossberg`s 500 or 590 PFGs that come out of the factory without a rear— Bolt-action rifles, while unusual, exist.

One of the best-known examples is a Mossberg-made 12-gauge with a 3-shot magazine that was marketed in Australia shortly after changes to gun laws in 1997 severely restricted the possession and use of shotguns and semi-automatics.